Hard Money Loan Calculator – Calculate Hard Money Loan Payments & Interest Rates

Use our free hard money loan calculator to calculate hard money loan payments, interest costs, and total borrowing expenses for your real estate investment. Whether you need a hard money lenders calculator, hard money interest calculator, or private lender calculator, our comprehensive tool helps you estimate interest-only monthly payments, origination fees, and cash needed to close. This hard money loan calculator and private money lending calculator shows you exactly how much hard money loans cost, including all fees and interest charges.

Hard Money Loan Calculator

Property Details

$
$

Loan Terms

$
%
%
months

Loan Amount

$175,000.00

70.0% of purchase price

Cash Needed to Close

$128,500.00

Down payment + Rehab + Fees

Monthly Interest Payment

$1,750.00

Interest-only for 12 months

Down Payment

$75,000.00

30.0% of purchase

Origination Fee

$3,500.00

2.0 points

Total Interest

$21,000.00

Over 12 months

Total Cost of Borrowing

$24,500.00

Fees + Interest

Cash Required Summary

Down Payment$75,000.00
Rehabilitation Cost$50,000.00
Origination Fee (2%)$3,500.00
Total Cash Needed$128,500.00

Loan Summary

Purchase Price$250,000.00
Loan Amount (70% LTV)$175,000.00
Monthly Payment (Interest Only)$1,750.00
Total Interest (12 months)$21,000.00
Total to Repay$196,000.00

Total Cost of Borrowing

$24,500.00
Origination Fee
$3,500.00
14.3%
Total Interest
$21,000.00
85.7%

Note on Hard Money Loans

Hard money loans are short-term, interest-only loans typically used by real estate investors. The loan balance ($175,000.00) is due in full at the end of the 12-month term. This calculator assumes a standard interest-only payment structure.

2025 Hard Money Loan Rates & Market Statistics

10-13%
Current hard money loan rates 2025
2-5 points
Typical origination fees percentage
6-24 months
Standard hard money loan term

What is a Hard Money Loan and How to Calculate Hard Money Loan Payments

A hard money loan (also called hard loan money, hard loans, or hard cash loan) is a short-term, asset-based loan secured by real estate, typically used by investors for fix-and-flip projects, bridge financing, or quick property acquisitions. Understanding how much does a hard money lender charge and how to calculate hard money loan payments is essential for real estate investors. Our comprehensive hard money loan calculator, hard money lenders calculator, and private lender calculator instantly show you hard money loan monthly payments, interest on hard money loan charges, origination fees, and total borrowing costs. Use this free hard money interest calculator and hard money mortgage loans calculator to see exactly what your interest-only payments will be and how much cash you'll need to close.

Most hard money loans and hard money equity loan products have a simple interest-only structure that our hard money loan calculator accounts for:

  • Interest-Only Payments: During the loan term (typically 6-24 months), you only pay interest monthly based on hard money loan rates. The principal balance is due in full at maturity. Our hard money interest calculator shows these payments.
  • Balloon Payment at Maturity: The full loan amount is repaid when you sell the property or refinance into conventional financing. Our private lender calculator shows total repayment including all interest on hard money loan charges.

How to Calculate Hard Money Loan Payments \u2013 Step by Step

Learning how to calculate hard money loan payments is straightforward with our hard money loan calculator. The monthly interest-only payment formula is: Monthly Payment = (Loan Amount \u00d7 Hard Money Interest Rate) \u00f7 12. For example: $200,000 loan at 12% annual hard money interest rate = $200,000 \u00d7 0.12 \u00f7 12 = $2,000/month. Our hard money lenders calculator automatically factors in: 1) Purchase price and LTV ratio (typically 65-75%), 2) Hard money loan interest rate (8-15%), 3) Origination points (2-5%), 4) Rehabilitation costs, and 5) Loan term (6-24 months).

Our private money lenders rates calculator and private money lending rates estimator show you the complete cost picture. Use our hard money loan calculator excel-style tool to compare current hard money loan rates and hard money lender interest rates from multiple lenders. The calculator displays hard money loan monthly payments, total interest on hard money loan, cash needed to close, and total cost of borrowing.

Understanding Hard Money Loan Rates and How Much Does a Hard Money Lender Charge

Understanding hard money rates, hard money loan rates, and hard money lending rates is crucial for real estate investors. How much does a hard money lender charge includes both hard money interest rates and origination points. Our hard money loan calculator, hard money lenders calculator, and private lender calculator help you compare hard money lenders rates, hard money lender interest rate options, and private money lenders rates to find the best financing for your investment project. Current hard money loan rates typically range from 10-13% with 2-5 points, varying by lender, LTV ratio, property type, and borrower experience.

Fix-and-Flip Hard Money Loans

Short-term financing for purchasing and renovating investment properties. Most popular option for real estate investors. Use our hard money loan calculator and hard money interest calculator to estimate total project costs including hard money loan interest rate charges.

Best For:
  • Property flippers and real estate investors
  • Quick property acquisitions (close in 7-14 days)
  • Properties needing substantial renovations
  • Borrowers who can't qualify for traditional loans

Bridge Hard Money Loans

Temporary financing until permanent financing or property sale. Common for rental property acquisitions. Use our hard money lenders calculator and private money lenders rates calculator for this option.

Best For:
  • Rental property investors
  • Transitioning between properties
  • Time-sensitive deals requiring fast funding
  • Borrowers with complex financial situations

Use our hard money loan calculator, hard cash loan estimator, and hard loan money calculator to understand total costs. These specialized private lender calculator and hard money interest calculator tools help you calculate interest on hard money loan projects, understand hard money loan monthly payments, and determine total financing costs including origination points and hard money lender interest rates.

Understanding Hard Money Loan Payment Structure and Interest-Only Payments

Hard money loans typically feature interest-only monthly payments with the principal due at the end of the loan term. Understanding how to calculate hard money loan payments is crucial for real estate investors. Our hard money interest calculator, hard money loan calculator, and private lender calculator show exactly how interest on hard money loan accrues and what your hard money loan monthly payments will be. The hard money lenders calculator helps you compare different hard money lender interest rates and private money lending rates.

Typical Hard Money Loan Terms and Rates by Property Type

Property TypeInterest RateOrigination PointsTypical LTVLoan Term
Single-Family Fix-and-Flip10-12%2-4 points65-75%6-12 months
Multi-Family (2-4 units)11-13%3-5 points60-70%12-24 months
Commercial Property11-14%3-5 points55-65%12-36 months
Land or Vacant Property12-15%4-6 points50-60%6-12 months
Cash-Out Refinance9-12%2-4 points65-70%12-24 months

*These are typical current hard money loan rates and terms. Actual hard money rates and hard money lending rates vary by lender, borrower experience, and property condition. Use our hard money loan calculator to estimate your specific costs.

Our hard money loan calculator and hard money interest calculator tools automatically calculate hard money loan payments based on your loan amount and hard money lender interest rate. You'll see exactly how interest on hard money loan accrues, what your hard money loan monthly payments will be, and total costs including origination points. This is essential for accurate hard money loan example planning and understanding how much does a hard money lender charge.

Key Point: Interest-Only Payments with Balloon Payment at Term End

Unlike traditional mortgages, hard money loans and hard cash loan financing feature interest-only monthly payments with the full principal due at maturity. For example, a $200,000 hard loan money at 11% requires monthly interest payments of $1,833, with the full $200,000 principal due at the end of the loan term. Our hard money lenders calculator and private money lenders rates estimator show total costs including hard money interest and origination fees. Use region-specific tools like our hard money loan rates california calculator for localized estimates.

Real-World Hard Money Loan Examples and Cost Estimates

Let's walk through detailed hard money loan example scenarios using our hard money loan calculator, hard money lenders calculator, and hard money interest calculator to show exactly how hard loans work in practice. These examples demonstrate how much does a hard money lender charge and help you understand total costs for hard money financing in real-world investment scenarios.

Example 1: $300,000 Single-Family Fix-and-Flip Hard Money Loan

Scenario: Purchasing and renovating single-family home for resale, 9-month project. Using our hard money loan calculator and hard money interest calculator:

  • Purchase price: $250,000
  • Renovation budget: $50,000
  • Total project cost: $300,000
  • Loan amount at 70% LTV: $210,000
  • Down payment (30%): $90,000
  • Hard money loan rate: 11.0% (interest-only)
  • Origination points (3%): $6,300
  • Monthly interest payment: $1,925
  • Total interest (9 months): $17,325
  • Total cost with points: $23,625

This hard money loan example shows typical costs for fix-and-flip investors. Our hard money lenders calculator helps you determine if the project profit margin justifies the hard money interest rate and fees.

Example 2: $400,000 Multi-Family Rental Property Bridge Loan

Scenario: Acquiring 4-unit rental property with quick closing, refinancing to conventional loan after stabilization. Using our hard money lenders calculator and private money lenders rates tool:

  • Purchase price: $400,000
  • Loan amount at 65% LTV: $260,000
  • Down payment (35%): $140,000
  • Hard money interest rate: 12.0% (interest-only)
  • Origination points (4%): $10,400
  • Monthly interest payment: $2,600
  • Loan term: 12 months
  • Total interest paid: $31,200
  • Total cost with points: $41,600

This demonstrates private money lending rates for multi-family properties. Our private lender calculator and hard money loan calculator help ensure rental income covers hard money loan monthly payments during the bridge period.

Example 3: Hard Money Loan vs Traditional Financing - Cost Comparison

Scenario: Comparing financing options for $300,000 investment property using our hard money loan calculator and hard money interest calculator:

Hard Money Loan (Quick 7-Day Close)
  • Loan amount (70% LTV): $210,000
  • Interest rate: 11%
  • Origination points (3%): $6,300
  • Monthly payment: $1,925
  • 9-month interest: $17,325
  • Total cost: $23,625
  • Close in 7-14 days
Traditional Investment Loan (30-45 Day Close)
  • Loan amount (75% LTV): $225,000
  • Interest rate: 7.5%
  • Closing costs (2%): $4,500
  • Monthly P&I payment: $1,572
  • 9-month interest: $12,656
  • Total cost: $17,156
  • Close in 30-45 days

Hard money costs $6,469 more but provides speed crucial for competitive deals. Use our hard cash loan calculator and hard loan money estimator to determine if quick closing justifies higher hard money rates for your investment strategy.

Hard Money Loan Qualification and What Hard Money Lenders Look For

Unlike traditional mortgages that focus heavily on borrower credit, hard money lenders primarily evaluate the property's value and investment potential. Understanding what is a hard loan qualification process helps real estate investors prepare their applications. Our hard money loan calculator and private lender calculator help you determine if your deal meets typical hard money lending criteria before applying.

Key Hard Money Loan Qualification Factors

  • Property value and after-repair value (ARV)
  • Loan-to-value ratio: Typically 65-75% LTV
  • Down payment: 25-35% of purchase price
  • Credit score: Often 600+ (more flexible than traditional)
  • Exit strategy: Clear plan to repay or refinance
  • Property condition and marketability
  • Investor experience (better rates for experienced flippers)

Maximizing Your Hard Money Loan Approval

  • Provide detailed renovation budget and timeline
  • Show comparable sales supporting ARV projections
  • Demonstrate adequate cash reserves for project
  • Present clear exit strategy (sale or refinance)
  • Build relationships with local hard money lenders
  • Use our hard money interest calculator to ensure deal profitability

Use our hard money lenders calculator to determine maximum loan amount based on LTV ratios. Most private money lenders require 25-35% down payment, but our hard money loan calculator shows how existing equity can reduce cash requirements. The hard money equity loan option allows you to leverage equity in other properties for investment capital.

Understanding Hard Money Loan Costs: How Much Does a Hard Money Lender Charge

When evaluating how much does a hard money lender charge, you need to understand all cost components beyond just hard money interest rates. Our hard money loan calculator, hard money interest calculator, and hard money lenders calculator help you estimate total expenses. Understanding current hard money loan rates, hard money lending rates, and origination fees is crucial for accurate deal analysis.

Cost ComponentDescriptionTypical Amount/Range
Hard Money Interest RateAnnual interest rate for interest-only monthly payments10-13% (varies by LTV and experience)
Origination PointsUpfront fee charged at closing (percentage of loan)2-5 points (2-5% of loan amount)
Appraisal FeeProperty valuation and ARV assessment$400-$800
Processing/UnderwritingAdministrative fees for loan processing$500-$1,500
Title & EscrowTitle insurance, recording, escrow services$1,500-$3,000
Extension Fees (if needed)Fee to extend loan term beyond original maturity0.5-1% per month extended

Our hard money loan calculator and calculate hard money loan payments tool automatically include typical fees in your projections. The hard money loan calculator excel-style breakdown provides comprehensive cost estimates including all fees and interest on hard money loan. Use our calculator to compare private money lenders rates and hard money lender interest rates from multiple lenders, including region-specific options like hard money loan rates california.

Hard Money Loan Deal Analysis: Using Calculators to Evaluate Investments

Proper deal analysis is essential for successful real estate investing with hard money financing. Our hard money loan calculator, hard money interest calculator, and hard money lenders calculator help you evaluate whether a deal's profit potential justifies the hard money rates and fees. Use these tools together to see the complete financial picture of your investment before committing.

Analysis FactorWhat to CalculateCalculator to Use
Monthly Carrying CostsInterest payments, insurance, utilities, taxeshard money interest calculator
Total Financing CostsInterest + points + fees over project timelinehard money loan calculator
Maximum LTV AmountHow much you can borrow at 65-75% LTVhard money lenders calculator
Required Cash to CloseDown payment + points + closing costs + reservesprivate lender calculator
Profit Margin AnalysisARV minus all costs to ensure adequate returncalculate hard money loan payments

Essential Hard Money Deal Analysis Checklist

Before using hard money financing, verify using our calculators: 1) Total acquisition and renovation costs fit within LTV limits, 2) Hard money loan monthly payments are manageable during project timeline, 3) Total financing costs (interest + points) leave adequate profit margin, 4) Cash reserves cover 2-3 months of holding costs, 5) Exit strategy is viable (market supports sale price or refinance). Our hard money loan calculator excel-style tools help ensure you're making a profitable investment decision.

Common Mistakes When Using a Hard Money Loan Calculator

Mistake #1: Not Factoring in Origination Points

Don't forget that how much does a hard money lender charge includes both interest AND origination points (2-5%). When using our hard money loan calculator and hard money interest calculator, always include points in your total cost analysis. On a $200,000 loan, 3 points costs $6,000 upfront—this significantly impacts your deal profitability.

Mistake #2: Underestimating Project Timeline and Carrying Costs

Renovation projects often take longer than planned. When using our calculate hard money loan payments and hard money loan monthly payments calculator, budget for at least 2-3 extra months of hard money interest. Each additional month on a $200,000 loan at 11% costs $1,833—delays quickly erode profit margins.

Mistake #3: Overleveraging with High LTV Ratios

Borrowing at 75% LTV leaves little margin for error. Our hard money lenders calculator and private lender calculator show that borrowing at 65-70% LTV provides more cushion if property values decline or renovations exceed budget. Use our hard money loan calculator to model different LTV scenarios.

Mistake #4: Not Having a Clear Exit Strategy

Hard loans require full principal payoff at maturity (typically 6-24 months). Extension fees are expensive (0.5-1% per month). Before using hard money financing, have a concrete plan to either sell the property or refinance into traditional financing. Calculate worst-case scenarios with our hard money loan example tools to ensure profitability even with delays.

Frequently Asked Questions – Hard Money Loans & Hard Money Loan Calculators

How to calculate hard money loan payments and interest on hard money loans?

To calculate hard money loan payments and interest on hard money loan financing, multiply the loan amount by the monthly interest rate (annual rate ÷ 12). For example: $200,000 loan at 11% = $200,000 × 0.11 ÷ 12 = $1,833/month interest-only payment. The full $200,000 principal is due at loan maturity. Our hard money loan calculator, hard money interest calculator, and hard money lenders calculator automate these calculations. Use our calculate hard money loan payments tool to see monthly costs and total hard money interest paid over your investment timeline.

What are current hard money loan rates and how much does a hard money lender charge?

Current hard money loan rates typically range from 10-13% for interest, plus 2-5 origination points. How much does a hard money lender charge depends on LTV ratio, property type, borrower experience, and location. For example, hard money loan rates california may differ from other regions. Hard money lender interest rates, hard money lenders rates, and private money lenders rates vary significantly between lenders. Use our hard money rates calculator and hard money lending rates comparison tool to evaluate total costs including both hard money loan interest rate and origination points.

What is a hard loan and what is hard money?

What is a hard loan (also called hard money, hard money loan, hard loan money, or hard cash loan) is asset-based financing where approval is based primarily on property value rather than borrower credit. These hard loans feature higher interest rates (10-13%), origination points (2-5%), interest-only payments, and short terms (6-24 months). Hard money is popular with real estate investors for fix-and-flip projects, bridge financing, and situations requiring fast closings. Use our hard money loan calculator and private lender calculator to compare costs.

What are hard money lenders rates vs private money lenders rates?

Hard money lenders rates and private money lenders rates are often used interchangeably, but can differ slightly. Traditional hard money lenders are businesses/institutions charging 10-13% plus 2-5 points. Private money lenders rates from individual investors may range 8-12% plus 1-4 points, often more flexible on terms. Both offer private money lending rates higher than conventional mortgages. Use our hard money lenders calculator, private lender calculator, and hard money interest calculator to compare hard money lender interest rate options from multiple sources.

How do hard money loan monthly payments work?

Hard money loan monthly payments are typically interest-only, meaning you only pay interest each month with the full principal due at maturity. For a $200,000 hard money equity loan at 11%, monthly payment is $1,833 (interest only), with the $200,000 principal balloon payment due at the end of the 12-month term. Our hard money loan monthly payments calculator and calculate hard money loan payments tool show exact monthly costs and total interest on hard money loan over your investment period. Some lenders offer partial principal payments to reduce the balloon amount.

What is a hard money loan example for a typical fix-and-flip?

A typical hard money loan example: Purchase $200,000 distressed property, budget $50,000 renovations (total $250,000). Borrow $175,000 at 70% LTV, put down $75,000 (30%). Hard money loan rate of 11% plus 3 points ($5,250). Monthly interest-only payment: $1,604. Over 9 months: $14,438 interest + $5,250 points = $19,688 total cost. Sell for $320,000, net $45,312 profit after all costs. Our hard money loan calculator and hard money loan example scenarios help you model different investment situations to ensure adequate returns.

What are hard money mortgage loans and hard money equity loans?

Hard money mortgage loans secure financing against real estate for investment purposes. Hard money equity loan options allow you to borrow against equity in properties you already own to fund new investments. These work similarly to cash-out refinances but close faster with less stringent credit requirements. Typical hard money equity loan LTV is 65-70% of current property value. Use our hard money loan calculator to determine how much equity you can access and calculate the hard money interest costs versus the investment returns.

How does a hard money loan calculator excel format help investors?

A hard money loan calculator excel-style breakdown provides comprehensive deal analysis including: loan amount by LTV, hard money loan monthly payments, origination points cost, total interest over loan term, exit costs (sale or refinance), and net profit projections. Our online hard money loan calculator, hard money interest calculator, and hard money lenders calculator provide the same detailed analysis as spreadsheet tools but with easier input and instant results. Use these calculators before every deal to ensure profitability given the higher hard money rates and fees.

Are hard money loan rates california different from other states?

Hard money loan rates california and other states can vary based on local market conditions, property values, competition among lenders, and state regulations. California, Texas, Florida, and other active real estate markets may have more competitive hard money lending rates due to higher lender competition. However, current hard money loan rates generally range 10-13% nationwide with 2-5 points regardless of location. Use our hard money rates calculator and shop multiple local hard money lenders to find the best hard money lender interest rates in your area.

How accurate are hard money loan calculators?

Our hard money loan calculator, hard money interest calculator, hard money lenders calculator, and private lender calculator provide accurate estimates based on industry-standard formulas for calculate hard money loan payments and total costs. However, actual hard money rates, hard money loan rates, and fees vary by lender, property, and borrower. Use our calculators for planning and comparing options, then get official quotes from multiple hard money lenders for your specific deal. The calculators help you quickly evaluate if a deal's profit potential justifies the hard money interest costs.

When should real estate investors use hard money loans?

Use hard money loans when: 1) You need to close quickly (7-14 days vs 30-45 days traditional), 2) Property needs extensive renovation preventing conventional financing, 3) Your credit/income doesn't qualify for traditional loans, 4) Deal's profit margin exceeds the higher hard money loan interest rate and points cost, 5) You have clear exit strategy to repay or refinance within 6-24 months. Our hard money loan calculator and calculate hard money loan payments tools help determine if a deal's returns justify the higher costs of hard money versus traditional financing.

Related Mortgage Tools & Financial Calculators

Understanding hard money loans is just the start. CalcNavigator offers a complete suite of calculators and guides to help you make the most informed real estate investment and financing decisions:

Traditional Mortgage Calculator

Compare traditional mortgages for rental properties against hard money loans to determine which financing makes sense for your investment strategy. Calculate long-term conventional financing costs.

Refinance Calculator

Calculate refinancing your hard money loan into conventional financing after property stabilization. Determine optimal timing to exit hard money and lock in lower long-term rates.

Home Affordability Calculator

Determine maximum property value you can afford based on income and debts. Essential for setting your investment property budget before using hard money financing.

Land Loan Calculator

Calculate financing for land acquisition. See how land equity can be leveraged for subsequent development or construction using hard money or traditional financing.

Financial Education Guides for Real Estate Investors

Enhance your real estate investment knowledge with our expert-backed guides on property financing and smart borrowing strategies:

Mortgage Payments Explained: Principal vs Interest

Learn how mortgage payments work and understand the difference between interest-only hard money payments and traditional principal & interest mortgages for rental properties.

How Much House Can I Afford? Complete Guide

Calculate your investment property budget ensuring you can afford both hard money interest payments and eventual conventional refinance payments after property stabilization.

Rent vs Buy: Which Is Cheaper in 2026?

Understand investment property cash flow analysis and when acquiring rental properties makes sense for building long-term wealth through real estate investing.

How to Calculate Monthly Loan Payments

Master loan payment calculations and understand the math behind interest-only hard money payments versus traditional amortizing mortgage payments for investment properties.

Make Informed Hard Money Loan Investment Decisions Today

Choosing the right financing can mean the difference between a profitable flip and a money-losing deal. If our hard money loan calculator, hard money lenders calculator, and hard money interest calculator show your deal has adequate profit margin after all hard money rates and fees, you're ready to move forward. Using our calculate hard money loan payments tool, hard money loan monthly payments estimator, and private lender calculator together helps you understand exactly how much does a hard money lender charge, compare private money lenders rates vs hard money lenders rates, and ensure your investment returns justify the higher hard money interest rate costs.

Your Hard Money Loan Action Plan:

  1. Analyze the Deal – Use our hard money loan calculator with realistic ARV and costs
  2. Calculate Profit Margin – Ensure returns exceed hard money interest and fees
  3. Review Monthly Costs – Study hard money loan monthly payments calculator results
  4. Compare Lenders – Shop multiple hard money lenders rates and private money lenders rates
  5. Plan Exit Strategy – Have clear path to sell or refinance before maturity
  6. Secure Financing – Submit application with your calculator estimates and deal analysis

Key Hard Money Loan Principles:

  • • Interest-only payments keep monthly costs lower during project
  • • Origination points (2-5%) are significant upfront costs
  • • LTV ratios (65-75%) require substantial down payments
  • • Speed of closing justifies higher current hard money loan rates
  • • Extension fees are expensive—plan realistic timelines
  • • Use our hard money loan example scenarios before every deal

Important Financial Disclaimer

CalcNavigator's free hard money loan calculator, hard money lenders calculator, hard money interest calculator, private lender calculator, and all related hard money calculation tools provide estimates for educational and planning purposes only and should not be considered professional financial, investment, or lending advice.

Always consult with qualified financial professionals, real estate investment advisors, and licensed hard money lenders before making investment property financing decisions using our calculate hard money loan payments, hard money loan monthly payments, hard money loan example, and other calculation tools. Real estate investing carries significant risk, and hard money loans have higher costs than traditional financing.

Privacy & Security: CalcNavigator does not store your personal financial information, investment property details, or hard money loan scenarios entered into our hard money loan calculator, hard money interest calculator, hard money lenders calculator, or any other hard money calculator tools. All calculations for interest on hard money loan, hard money rates, current hard money loan rates, and deal analysis scenarios are performed locally in your browser for maximum security and privacy. We do not sell or share calculator data with lenders, financial institutions, or third parties.

This comprehensive hard money loan calculator suite, including our hard money lenders calculator, private lender calculator, hard money interest calculator, calculate hard money loan payments tool, hard money loan monthly payments calculator, hard money equity loan estimator, hard money mortgage loans calculator, and all related hard cash loan and hard loan money calculation tools, was developed by CalcNavigator's team of real estate investment and private lending experts to help you make informed investment financing decisions using industry-standard calculation methods. Last updated December 22, 2025.